Iron deficiency anaemia occurs when your body does not have enough iron to make a protein called haemoglobin, which is carried in your red blood cells and transports oxygen around your body. ²

Iron deficiency anaemia can occur in the following ways: ⁴

• Blood loss – as a result of surgery or internal bleeding.¹ Women with heavy menstruation (blood loss due to periods), pregnant women and those post childbirth can become iron deficent. ⁶
• Increased requirements – pregnant women and those after childbirth can become iron deficient. ⁶
• Poor iron absorption – disorders such as Crohn’s Disease or Coeliac disease and previous bowel surgery can reduce your body’s ability to absorb iron from the gut. ⁴
• Inadequate dietary iron intake – vegetarian and vegan lifestyles can have an increased risk for iron deficiency due to the reduced intake of animal products rich in easily absorbable iron. ⁴

Additional causes and risk factors for iron deficiency anaemia in people with cancer include:

• Certain types of cancers – such as colorectal and stomach cancers (which can cause iron deficiency by chronic blood loss into the gut).¹
• Side effects of cancer and its treatment – these can often cause diarrhoea, vomiting and nausea and poor appetite, which can result in low levels of iron in the diet.¹

Some people with mild iron deficiency anaemia may not notice symptoms straight away, however typical signs and symptoms include: ^5,6

• Pale and washed-out looking skin
• Tiredness and feeling weak
• Dizziness and feeling faint
• Difficulty catching your breath
• Pain in your chest
• Headaches
• Irregular heart beat
• Cold hands and feet
• Pica – this is a craving for things that are not food such as ice, dirt or paint.

It is important to see your doctor if you are experiencing any of the above symptoms.

Anaemia is diagnosed through a blood test, known as a full blood count. To document iron deficiency, a blood test referred to as “iron studies” will be required. This test will include a serum ferritin (the amount of total iron you have stored in your body), which will generally be low in iron deficiency.⁷

The World Health Organisation defines anaemia as a haemoglobin level below 130g/L for men and 120g/L for non-pregnant women and iron deficiency; a serum ferritin below 30mcg/L for all adults.⁷

In people with chronic illness, such as cancer, ferritin levels can rise because of the effect of illness or inflammation, therefore additional tests may be required to confirm a diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia in these circumstances.⁷

The aim of treatment is to normalize the haemoglobin level and replenish the iron stores in your body. This can be done though the following ways:^4,6

• Taking oral iron supplements
• Iron infusion – where iron is given intravenously (via a needle into your blood vessel)
• Red blood cell transfusion – for more serious cases of iron deficiency anaemia

Increasing iron-rich sources in the diet such as lean red meat can help, but it is unlikely to restore iron levels adequately without additional treatment when anaemia is present.

An important part of the management of iron deficiency anaemia is to address the cause of the problem i.e. stopping blood loss for example.

Additional testing may also be required to understand the cause of the iron deficiency anaemia, such as testing for gastrointestinal bleeding.⁶